Application of low‐phosphorus‐containing legume residues reduces extractable phosphorus in a tropical Ultisol

Application of legume green manure (GM) is suggested to be effective in increasing the availability of native soil phosphorus (P) and the dissolution and utilization of phosphate rock (PR)‐P by food crops. Experiments were conducted to study the dynamics of extractable P (P extracted by Bray‐1‐extracting solution) of an Ultisol amended with or without GM residues of contrasting P concentrations in the absence of growing plants. In two separate experiments, GM residues of Aschynomene afraspera (a flood‐tolerant legume) and of Crotalaria micans (upland) with varying P concentrations were added to an acidic soil amended with PR‐P or triple superphosphate (TSP) in plastic bottles. Soil moisture was brought to field capacity of the soil in the upland experiment and saturated with distilled water in the lowland setup. This was done to simulate aerobic upland and anaerobic lowland soil conditions in the relevant plastic bottles. Only P concentration of the residues added varied, while lignin and C : N ratios were similar. A temperature of 25°C was maintained throughout the experiment. Changes in soil extractable Bray‐1‐P were measured at the end of the incubation period (60 or 80 d). In the aerobic soils, extractable P in the combined PR+GM or TSP+GM treatments was significantly lower than in the PR‐ or TSP‐ treated soils. The amendment with GM residues alone significantly increased Bray‐1‐P over the unamended control in the case of the inorganic P‐fertilized GM residues. The trend in extractable P was similar in the soils incubated under anaerobic conditions. However, in the case of PR, concentrations of P extracted by Bray‐1 solution did not significantly change in the presence or absence of GM. The results suggest that the incorporation of GM residues with low P concentration does not lead to a net P release in upland or lowland soils. These results have implications for nutrient cycling in farming systems in W Africa as most of the soils are poor and very low in available P.     

Making modern agriculture sustainable: Fam research network on agroecosystems

All forms of agriculture cause changes in the balances and fluxes of preexisting ecosystems, thereby limiting self-regulatory ecosystem (resiliency) functions. The intensive agriculture of the past, with its strong reduction of landscape structures and vast decoupling of energy and matter cycles, has caused stress and degradation of the production base; massive influence has also been exerted on neighboring compartments. This has resulted in the well known problems of pesticide loads, high phosphate loads to surface waters via over-fertilized soils or erosion as such. To overcome the economic, social and political inadequacies leading to ecological degradation, the demand for sustainable agricultural management needs to be transposed into knowledge-based practical instructions and political regulations on a regional scale. Thus, applied research for a sustainable and ecologically compatible land use aimed at sufficient food production is ever so important. In the FAM, thirty German research institutes have merged to perform research on this topic.     

精养鱼池施用新型磷肥——“鱼特灵”

本文通过在精养鱼池中施用新型磷肥“鱼特灵”,使池水有效磷由10微克/升以下提高到30微克/升以上,有效氮明显下降,有效N/P保持在35～50:1,浮游植物数量显著增加。试验地浮游植物数量(Y)与总铵(NH_4-N+NH_3-N)(X_1)、NO_3-N(X_2)、PO_4-P(X_4)呈如下关系式:Y=55.94-0.67X_1-11.61X_2-47.95X_4(r=0.73,n=28,P<0.05)达到了增施磷肥,促进氮肥利用和浮游植物增殖,改善水质,提高池塘初级生产力的目的。施用“鱼特灵”后,池塘平均净产增长11.6%,其中鲢、鳙净产增长13.7%。     

根际解磷微生物研究进展

综述植物根际解磷微生物种群分布和数量、解磷机制、解磷微生物与植物根系分泌的关系及解磷微生物对作物生长的影响等方面的研究进展,并展望解磷微生物的研究方向。     

黑糯玉米面粉磷酸单酯制备及性质的研究

研究了制备黑糯玉米面粉磷酸单酯的最佳工艺条件，并测试了其主要特性。试验结果表明：在pH值6．5、NaH2PO4与面粉配比为0．19、反应温度为130℃，反应时间为1h的工艺条件下制备的产品效果最好，粘度最高。糊粘度和冻融稳定性达到了黑糯玉米淀粉的水平。     

土壤磷素Langmuir等温吸附特性与磷肥效果的关系

应用Langmuir等温式解释土壤磷吸收附等温线,具有良好的适合性。在24个供试土壤中,有21个土壤的相关系数达到极显著水准,3个达显著水准。通过Langmuir等温式可获得土壤吸磷参数——最大吸磷量(Xm)和吸附平衡常数(K)。Xm值可以衡量土壤磷库的大小,K值反映了土壤吸磷反应自由能下降的程度。Xm和K与磷肥利用率呈极显著负相关,其相关系数分别为-0.7146、～0.6233。不同性质的土壤,适宜作物生长的土壤平衡溶液磷浓度差异不大。当土壤平衡溶液磷浓度为0.1ppm P时,水稻产量可达最高产量的95％以上。因此,可根据Langmuir方程计算出满足水稻正常生长所需要的磷肥施用量。     

不同氮磷钾水平苇状羊茅数量性状的相关分析

对苇状羊茅不同氮磷钾水平及数量性状和产草量的相关性进行了研究。结果表明:氮对产草量的影响最大,在5个数量性状中,株高、茎高、叶数、叶长4个性状与产草量呈显著或极显著正相关,其中茎高和叶长对产草量的作用较大,其它性状通过茎高和叶长对产草量的间接作用也较大,在苇状羊茅高产栽培中,茎高和叶长是重点调控对象,应围绕茎高和叶长的调控目标制定高产栽培技术措施。     

全磷和缺磷条件下甘蔗叶悬浮细胞主要生长指标的比较

研究了以甘蔗基因型US66-56-9的心叶为材料，对甘蔗愈伤组织进行诱导和建立甘蔗叶片悬浮细胞系，并对悬浮细胞进行全磷和缺磷处理，然后对二者的生长曲线，细胞含水率及培养基pH等变化进行了比较，结果表明；与全磷条件相比，缺磷胁迫抑制细胞的生长，导致细胞含水率较高，使培养基的pH值在生长过程中基本保持酸性状态。     

部分新疆杏品种水不溶性固形物含量的测定

水不溶性固形物含量是杏干制备的一项重要指标。以14个华北杏为对照,研究了33个新疆杏品种的水不溶性固形物含量。结果表明,两大品种群的杏水不溶性固形物含量在总体上差异不明显,水不溶性固形物含量在品种间有明显差异。在新疆杏中,赛来克佳娜丽、卡巴克胡安娜、托户地库都、卡巴克西米西的水不溶性固形物含量均高于是2.5%,是比较理想的制干品种。不同成熟期的杏水不溶性固形物含量存在显著差异,研究表明从中熟品种群中选择高水不溶性固形物含量的品种最为有效。另外,采摘期也明显影响水不溶性固形物含量,制备杏干宜在八成熟时采摘。     

活化磷矿粉在砖红壤上的施用效果

砖红壤酸性强和活性铁、铝含量高，对磷固定强烈，磷肥有效性低．为了提高磷肥利用率，将高分子有机化合物与磷矿粉混合加工制成活化磷矿粉，分别施用于种植甘蔗的新垦砖红壤和种植大白菜的严重侵蚀砖红壤以及种植花生的水旱轮作熟化砖红壤，结果表明：施用活化磷矿粉的肥效至少与过磷酸钙相当，甚至优于过磷酸钙．因此，为了节省生产成本和改良土壤，活化磷矿粉值得在砖红壤区推广应用。